Metabolic

5A1MQ · 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium

5-Amino-1MQ, also written 5A1MQ in the literature, is a small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). It is a methylquinolinium compound, not a peptide. Research has investigated its effects on adipocyte metabolism and in diet-induced obese mice; these findings do not demonstrate effective weight management or clinical safety in humans.

Copper Peptide

Alanine-histidine-lysine copper complex

AHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide L-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (AHK), mostly marketed by peptide suppliers as Copper Tripeptide-3; no CosIng entry of that name exists, and the registered INCI name Tripeptide-3 designates a different peptide (composed of glycine, serine and valine). It belongs to the same substance class as the far more extensively studied GHK-Cu, but is documented much more thinly in the scientific literature: the primary literature indexed on PubMed essentially amounts to a single ex vivo and cell culture study on human hair follicles (Pyo et al., 2007). In research, AHK-Cu therefore appears almost exclusively in the context of hair follicle and scalp research and in cosmetic formulations.

Fat Loss

AOD9604 · HGH 176-191 · HGH Frag 176-191

AOD-9604 is a modified peptide based on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. Rodent experiments and a clinical development program investigated its metabolic properties. The published human tolerability record does not establish effective weight reduction or general safety, and the modified peptide must be distinguished from native GH fragments.

Tissue Repair

PL 14736 · PL-10 · Bepecin

BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide of 15 amino acids (CAS 137525-51-0, C62H98N16O22, approximately 1,420 g/mol) whose sequence is derived from a partial sequence of a protein described in human gastric juice (body protection compound). In the literature it appears almost exclusively in preclinical work on tissue repair, tendon and muscle healing, and gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. A small uncontrolled human pilot supplements the predominantly preclinical literature; neither it nor the animal findings establishes clinical benefit or authorization of a particular product.

Amylin Analogue

AM833

Cagrilintide (AM833) is a synthetic, lipidated analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin, developed at Novo Nordisk as a long-acting candidate for research on body-weight regulation. The substance acts as a non-selective agonist at amylin receptors and the calcitonin receptor and has been studied both alone and in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) in clinical trials up to and including phase 3. Published phase 3a REDEFINE 1 data include a monotherapy arm, but the coprimary comparisons concern CagriSema versus placebo. These findings do not establish authorization of a particular research product.

GHRH Analog

CJC-1295 (no DAC) is a synthetic analog of the biologically active N-terminal fragment of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, GRF(1-29), carrying four amino acid substitutions and a length of 29 amino acids. The same structure appears in the literature as modified GRF(1-29); the qualifier no DAC distinguishes it from the drug-affinity-complex variant, which binds covalently to serum albumin via a linker. The substance is studied in the context of GHRH receptor signaling and the growth hormone axis.

Sleep

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide · Emideltide

DSIP stands for Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, a peptide consisting of nine amino acids. It was first characterized in experiments on electrical brain activity in rabbits and later examined in small human studies of chronic insomnia. Those studies do not show a consistent clinical sleep benefit despite the name. The substance also appears as emideltide in regulatory documents.

Longevity

Epitalon · AEDG-Peptid · Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

Epithalon, also written Epitalon or AEDG, is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. It was developed by the research group around V. Kh. Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology as a synthetic counterpart to Epithalamin, a peptide preparation obtained from pineal gland tissue. In the literature it appears in ageing research, primarily on telomere length and telomerase activity in cell culture and on life span and tumour development in rodent models.

Copper Peptide

Copper tripeptide-1 · Cu-GHK · Prezatide copper acetate

GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK), a tripeptide first described in human serum in 1973. In research it appears primarily in studies on skin regeneration, wound remodeling and extracellular matrix synthesis, mostly in cell culture and animal models, with limited controlled data on topical skin-care regimens. Those topical findings do not establish systemic or injectable effects.

GHRP

GHRP-2, or pralmorelin, is a synthetic peptide growth hormone secretagogue. Its evidence includes hormone-response studies, an acute food-intake experiment and Japanese diagnostic use of a named pralmorelin hydrochloride medicine. That diagnostic context does not establish broad therapeutic benefits or equivalent properties for every preparation.

GHRP

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide in the growth hormone secretagogue family. Small human experiments investigated acute and prolonged endocrine responses, while molecular research characterized the receptor pathway. These findings demonstrate a GH-releasing response in defined settings, rather than general effects on muscle growth, recovery or aging.

GHRP

Hexarelin is a synthetic six-residue growth hormone-releasing peptide. Small controlled volunteer studies examined GH secretion and other hormone responses after experimental exposure. They describe endocrine activity under selected conditions, rather than established benefits for strength, recovery or healthy aging.

Growth Hormone

Somatropin · rhGH · Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

HGH 191AA describes the predominant 191-residue human growth hormone protein. Recombinant medicines that reproduce this sequence are called somatropin and have specific evaluated indications. Their evidence differs from studies of short fragments or secretagogues and does not establish general healthy-aging benefits or the properties of an unassessed preparation.

Metabolic Fragment

HGH fragment 176-191 identifies a short native C-terminal sequence of human growth hormone, not the complete protein. Its direct research record includes historical rat and isolated-tissue experiments. These studies must be distinguished from work on neighboring sequences and modified AOD-9604, and they do not establish human weight-loss effects.

GHRP

NNC 26-0161

Ipamorelin (NNC 26-0161) is a synthetic pentapeptide of the growth hormone secretagogue class, developed at Novo Nordisk in the 1990s. It acts as an agonist at the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) and was characterized in its original description as the first secretagogue with GHRH-like selectivity for growth hormone release. A later clinical program in postoperative ileus comprised two controlled phase 2 trials; development was not continued after their completion, and the results of the larger trial were never published. Today the substance appears mainly in research on the pharmacology of the growth hormone axis.

KISS1R / GPR54

Kisspeptin 10 · Kisspeptin10

Kisspeptin-10 is the ten-amino-acid active fragment within the kisspeptin family, which is derived from the KISS1 gene product. It is studied as a signal in the reproductive hormone axis, particularly in relation to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone. Small human experiments have examined this specific fragment, but hormone responses do not establish a treatment benefit or the safety of research-grade material.

Immune / Barrier

Lys-Pro-Val · α-MSH(11-13)

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is the C-terminal tripeptide of the endogenous hormone α-MSH, corresponding to its amino acid positions 11 to 13. The literature describes it as an anti-inflammatory fragment intended to retain the anti-inflammatory properties of α-MSH without its pigmenting activity. To date, KPV has been studied primarily in cell culture and in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease; no completed human studies exist.

Melanocortin

MT-I · MT-1 · Afamelanotide

Melanotan I is a synthetic linear tridecapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH in which two amino acids are substituted ([Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH). It was developed at the University of Arizona as an investigational pigmentation agent and was later approved under the INN afamelanotide as a subcutaneous implant (brand name Scenesse) for the prevention of phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). In research it appears in the context of pigmentation, photoprotection and the pharmacology of the melanocortin-1 receptor.

Melanocortin

MT-II · MT-2 · MTII

Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH that acts as a non-selective agonist at melanocortin receptors. It was developed in the 1990s as an investigational pigmentation agent and was later studied in early-phase trials on erectile function before development was discontinued. Today it appears in research on melanocortin receptor pharmacology, pigmentation and sexual function.

Mitochondrial

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a 16-amino-acid peptide that is encoded not in the cell nucleus but in an alternative reading frame of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, placing it in the group of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDP). It was first described in 2015 by Lee et al. in Cell Metabolism. In research it appears in the context of energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, exercise physiology and age-related metabolic change; the cited human observations concern endogenous peptide levels, not a demonstrated therapeutic effect of administered research material.

Cognitive

N-Acetyl Semax is a variant of Semax with acetylation at the N-terminal amino group. One directly relevant laboratory study examined changes in metal coordination and a cellular response. Its findings do not establish superior cognition, absorption or human safety, and experiments on ordinary Semax are separate evidence.

Longevity / Cofactor

beta-NAD+ · Coenzyme I · DPN

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, CAS 53-84-9) is an endogenous dinucleotide coenzyme and not a peptide. It serves as the central redox cofactor of energy metabolism and, at the same time, as a consumed substrate for NAD+-dependent signalling enzymes such as sirtuins, PARPs and CD38. In research it appears mainly in work on ageing metabolism, mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration, with the bulk of human data covering precursor molecules such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) rather than NAD+ itself.

Research peptide

EDR · Glu-Asp-Arg

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide with the sequence glutamic acid-aspartic acid-arginine, written Glu-Asp-Arg or EDR. It is investigated in cellular stress and neuronal research. The studies discussed here concern cultured cells and experimental rat models; their findings do not establish improved cognition, clinical neuroprotection or safety in humans.

Bremelanotide

Bremelanotide

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH that acts as an agonist at melanocortin receptors. It emerged from the melanocortin research program around Melanotan II and is the only peptide from this program to have been approved as an injectable; Melanotan I (afamelanotide) reached approval as an implant. On June 21, 2019, the FDA granted marketing authorization (NDA 210557) under the brand name Vyleesi for the treatment of acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. In research, the substance appears mainly in the context of melanocortin receptor pharmacology and the central nervous regulation of sexual function.

GLP-1/GIP/GCG

LY3437943 · LY-3437943

Retatrutide (development code LY3437943) is a synthetic, fatty-acid-modified polypeptide (CAS 2381089-83-2, C₂₂₁H₃₄₂N₄₆O₆₈, approx. 4,731 g/mol) that acts as a single-molecule agonist of the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. The compound was developed by Eli Lilly and appears in metabolic research on obesity and type 2 diabetes. Published randomized evidence now extends from phase 2 to the phase 3 TRANSCEND-T2D-1 trial in type 2 diabetes. These studies do not establish a particular research product's authorization, identity or therapeutic properties.

Anxiolytic

TKPRPGP · Tuftsin analog · TP-7

Selank is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide related structurally to tuftsin. Its research context includes anxiety-related behavior and neuronal signaling. Small controlled human studies exist alongside laboratory and animal experiments, but they concern particular study preparations and settings. Their findings cannot establish the properties of every product bearing the Selank name.

GLP-1

Semaglutide is a structurally modified GLP-1 analogue that activates the GLP-1 receptor. Its research record includes molecular characterization, controlled clinical trials and assessments of specific medicinal products. Evidence for those preparations does not establish the identity, quality or clinical properties of another material simply called semaglutide.

Cognitive

MEHFPGP · ACTH(4-7)PGP · Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) derived from the ACTH(4-7) fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone and extended at the C-terminus by Pro-Gly-Pro. Research examines cognition, neurotrophin signaling, cerebral ischemia and rehabilitation in cell and animal models and limited comparative human reports. Historical manufacturer documentation for formulated Semax nasal drops must be distinguished from a verified current registration record and from evidence on research material.

GHRH Analog

GHRH(1-29)-amide · GRF(1-29)-NH2

Sermorelin is the amidated 29-amino-acid fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It appears in research on pituitary growth hormone secretion and has a documented history as the active substance in Geref medicines. Historical clinical findings and approvals concern particular materials and indications; they do not establish current approval or therapeutic properties for a research product.

Elamipretide

Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia

SS-31, also known as elamipretide, MTP-131 or Bendavia, is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller peptide family that concentrates at the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds the phospholipid cardiolipin. It appears in research on mitochondrial bioenergetics, primary mitochondrial diseases and aging processes. In September 2025, the FDA granted accelerated approval to the pharmaceutical product FORZINITY (elamipretide hydrochloride) to improve muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg, making elamipretide the first disease-specific treatment approved for Barth syndrome.

GLP-1/Glucagon

BI 456906 · Survodutid

Survodutide, known during development as BI 456906, is a synthetic peptide with activity at both the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It is investigated in obesity and metabolic liver disease. Published randomized phase 3 results became available in 2026, following preclinical and phase 2 work. These results concern defined trial preparations and selected participant populations.

Thymosin Beta-4

Ac-LKKTETQ

In primary analytical literature, TB-500 denotes the synthetic N-acetylated heptapeptide Ac-LKKTETQ, corresponding to amino acids 17 to 23 of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4). Full-length Tβ4 is a distinct, naturally occurring 43-amino-acid actin-binding peptide. The TB-500 fragment is studied in doping-control analysis, while most tissue-repair research cited alongside it concerns full-length Tβ4. Identity and preparation must therefore be checked before assigning mechanisms or clinical findings to the fragment.

GHRH Analog

TH9507 · Egrifta · Egrifta SV

Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), consisting of the full GHRH(1-44) sequence with a trans-3-hexenoyl modification at the N-terminus (44 amino acids). It is studied primarily in the context of the growth hormone axis and the distribution of visceral adipose tissue. In the United States, the substance is approved under the brand name Egrifta for a narrowly defined indication in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Thymic Peptide

Thymosin alpha-1 is an N-terminally acetylated peptide of 28 amino acids that arises naturally by proteolytic cleavage from prothymosin alpha and was originally isolated from thymic tissue. The synthetic form carries the INN thymalfasin and appears in immunomodulation research, including in the context of chronic viral hepatitis, sepsis and as a vaccine adjuvant. Hong Kong's current register lists the named thymalfasin medicine Zadaxin; this product-specific registration is separate from evidence for each investigated indication.

GLP-1/GIP

LY3298176 · Mounjaro · Zepbound

Tirzepatide (LY3298176) is a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide structurally derived from native GIP and carrying a C20 fatty diacid side chain. It acts as a dual agonist at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors and appears in metabolic research, primarily on glucose metabolism and body-weight regulation. Named tirzepatide medicines include Mounjaro and Zepbound; their product-specific authorizations and indications must be distinguished from research material.

Neuropeptide Research

Vasoactive intestinal peptide · Aviptadil

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an endogenous 28-amino-acid neuropeptide that signals through the G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. As a pharmaceutical active substance, synthetic VIP carries the international nonproprietary name aviptadil; in a fixed combination with the alpha-adrenoceptor blocker phentolamine, the product Invicorp was authorized in the United Kingdom in October 2000. Norway's current product register also lists the named aviptadil/phentolamine combination. These registrations do not establish authorization of isolated VIP research material. In research, the substance appears mainly in the pharmacology of the VPAC receptors, with its exceptionally short residence time in plasma shaping every systemic investigation.

Metabolic

5A1MQ · 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium

5-Amino-1MQ, also written 5A1MQ in the literature, is a small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). It is a methylquinolinium compound, not a peptide. Research has investigated its effects on adipocyte metabolism and in diet-induced obese mice; these findings do not demonstrate effective weight management or clinical safety in humans.

Copper Peptide

Alanine-histidine-lysine copper complex

AHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide L-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (AHK), mostly marketed by peptide suppliers as Copper Tripeptide-3; no CosIng entry of that name exists, and the registered INCI name Tripeptide-3 designates a different peptide (composed of glycine, serine and valine). It belongs to the same substance class as the far more extensively studied GHK-Cu, but is documented much more thinly in the scientific literature: the primary literature indexed on PubMed essentially amounts to a single ex vivo and cell culture study on human hair follicles (Pyo et al., 2007). In research, AHK-Cu therefore appears almost exclusively in the context of hair follicle and scalp research and in cosmetic formulations.

Fat Loss

AOD9604 · HGH 176-191 · HGH Frag 176-191

AOD-9604 is a modified peptide based on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. Rodent experiments and a clinical development program investigated its metabolic properties. The published human tolerability record does not establish effective weight reduction or general safety, and the modified peptide must be distinguished from native GH fragments.

Tissue Repair

PL 14736 · PL-10 · Bepecin

BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide of 15 amino acids (CAS 137525-51-0, C62H98N16O22, approximately 1,420 g/mol) whose sequence is derived from a partial sequence of a protein described in human gastric juice (body protection compound). In the literature it appears almost exclusively in preclinical work on tissue repair, tendon and muscle healing, and gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. A small uncontrolled human pilot supplements the predominantly preclinical literature; neither it nor the animal findings establishes clinical benefit or authorization of a particular product.

Amylin Analogue

AM833

Cagrilintide (AM833) is a synthetic, lipidated analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin, developed at Novo Nordisk as a long-acting candidate for research on body-weight regulation. The substance acts as a non-selective agonist at amylin receptors and the calcitonin receptor and has been studied both alone and in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) in clinical trials up to and including phase 3. Published phase 3a REDEFINE 1 data include a monotherapy arm, but the coprimary comparisons concern CagriSema versus placebo. These findings do not establish authorization of a particular research product.

GHRH Analog

CJC-1295 (no DAC) is a synthetic analog of the biologically active N-terminal fragment of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, GRF(1-29), carrying four amino acid substitutions and a length of 29 amino acids. The same structure appears in the literature as modified GRF(1-29); the qualifier no DAC distinguishes it from the drug-affinity-complex variant, which binds covalently to serum albumin via a linker. The substance is studied in the context of GHRH receptor signaling and the growth hormone axis.

Sleep

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide · Emideltide

DSIP stands for Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, a peptide consisting of nine amino acids. It was first characterized in experiments on electrical brain activity in rabbits and later examined in small human studies of chronic insomnia. Those studies do not show a consistent clinical sleep benefit despite the name. The substance also appears as emideltide in regulatory documents.

Longevity

Epitalon · AEDG-Peptid · Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

Epithalon, also written Epitalon or AEDG, is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. It was developed by the research group around V. Kh. Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology as a synthetic counterpart to Epithalamin, a peptide preparation obtained from pineal gland tissue. In the literature it appears in ageing research, primarily on telomere length and telomerase activity in cell culture and on life span and tumour development in rodent models.

Copper Peptide

Copper tripeptide-1 · Cu-GHK · Prezatide copper acetate

GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK), a tripeptide first described in human serum in 1973. In research it appears primarily in studies on skin regeneration, wound remodeling and extracellular matrix synthesis, mostly in cell culture and animal models, with limited controlled data on topical skin-care regimens. Those topical findings do not establish systemic or injectable effects.

GHRP

GHRP-2, or pralmorelin, is a synthetic peptide growth hormone secretagogue. Its evidence includes hormone-response studies, an acute food-intake experiment and Japanese diagnostic use of a named pralmorelin hydrochloride medicine. That diagnostic context does not establish broad therapeutic benefits or equivalent properties for every preparation.

GHRP

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide in the growth hormone secretagogue family. Small human experiments investigated acute and prolonged endocrine responses, while molecular research characterized the receptor pathway. These findings demonstrate a GH-releasing response in defined settings, rather than general effects on muscle growth, recovery or aging.

GHRP

Hexarelin is a synthetic six-residue growth hormone-releasing peptide. Small controlled volunteer studies examined GH secretion and other hormone responses after experimental exposure. They describe endocrine activity under selected conditions, rather than established benefits for strength, recovery or healthy aging.

Growth Hormone

Somatropin · rhGH · Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

HGH 191AA describes the predominant 191-residue human growth hormone protein. Recombinant medicines that reproduce this sequence are called somatropin and have specific evaluated indications. Their evidence differs from studies of short fragments or secretagogues and does not establish general healthy-aging benefits or the properties of an unassessed preparation.

Metabolic Fragment

HGH fragment 176-191 identifies a short native C-terminal sequence of human growth hormone, not the complete protein. Its direct research record includes historical rat and isolated-tissue experiments. These studies must be distinguished from work on neighboring sequences and modified AOD-9604, and they do not establish human weight-loss effects.

GHRP

NNC 26-0161

Ipamorelin (NNC 26-0161) is a synthetic pentapeptide of the growth hormone secretagogue class, developed at Novo Nordisk in the 1990s. It acts as an agonist at the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) and was characterized in its original description as the first secretagogue with GHRH-like selectivity for growth hormone release. A later clinical program in postoperative ileus comprised two controlled phase 2 trials; development was not continued after their completion, and the results of the larger trial were never published. Today the substance appears mainly in research on the pharmacology of the growth hormone axis.

KISS1R / GPR54

Kisspeptin 10 · Kisspeptin10

Kisspeptin-10 is the ten-amino-acid active fragment within the kisspeptin family, which is derived from the KISS1 gene product. It is studied as a signal in the reproductive hormone axis, particularly in relation to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone. Small human experiments have examined this specific fragment, but hormone responses do not establish a treatment benefit or the safety of research-grade material.

Immune / Barrier

Lys-Pro-Val · α-MSH(11-13)

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is the C-terminal tripeptide of the endogenous hormone α-MSH, corresponding to its amino acid positions 11 to 13. The literature describes it as an anti-inflammatory fragment intended to retain the anti-inflammatory properties of α-MSH without its pigmenting activity. To date, KPV has been studied primarily in cell culture and in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease; no completed human studies exist.

Melanocortin

MT-I · MT-1 · Afamelanotide

Melanotan I is a synthetic linear tridecapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH in which two amino acids are substituted ([Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH). It was developed at the University of Arizona as an investigational pigmentation agent and was later approved under the INN afamelanotide as a subcutaneous implant (brand name Scenesse) for the prevention of phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). In research it appears in the context of pigmentation, photoprotection and the pharmacology of the melanocortin-1 receptor.

Melanocortin

MT-II · MT-2 · MTII

Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH that acts as a non-selective agonist at melanocortin receptors. It was developed in the 1990s as an investigational pigmentation agent and was later studied in early-phase trials on erectile function before development was discontinued. Today it appears in research on melanocortin receptor pharmacology, pigmentation and sexual function.

Mitochondrial

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a 16-amino-acid peptide that is encoded not in the cell nucleus but in an alternative reading frame of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, placing it in the group of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDP). It was first described in 2015 by Lee et al. in Cell Metabolism. In research it appears in the context of energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, exercise physiology and age-related metabolic change; the cited human observations concern endogenous peptide levels, not a demonstrated therapeutic effect of administered research material.

Cognitive

N-Acetyl Semax is a variant of Semax with acetylation at the N-terminal amino group. One directly relevant laboratory study examined changes in metal coordination and a cellular response. Its findings do not establish superior cognition, absorption or human safety, and experiments on ordinary Semax are separate evidence.

Longevity / Cofactor

beta-NAD+ · Coenzyme I · DPN

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, CAS 53-84-9) is an endogenous dinucleotide coenzyme and not a peptide. It serves as the central redox cofactor of energy metabolism and, at the same time, as a consumed substrate for NAD+-dependent signalling enzymes such as sirtuins, PARPs and CD38. In research it appears mainly in work on ageing metabolism, mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration, with the bulk of human data covering precursor molecules such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) rather than NAD+ itself.

Research peptide

EDR · Glu-Asp-Arg

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide with the sequence glutamic acid-aspartic acid-arginine, written Glu-Asp-Arg or EDR. It is investigated in cellular stress and neuronal research. The studies discussed here concern cultured cells and experimental rat models; their findings do not establish improved cognition, clinical neuroprotection or safety in humans.

Bremelanotide

Bremelanotide

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH that acts as an agonist at melanocortin receptors. It emerged from the melanocortin research program around Melanotan II and is the only peptide from this program to have been approved as an injectable; Melanotan I (afamelanotide) reached approval as an implant. On June 21, 2019, the FDA granted marketing authorization (NDA 210557) under the brand name Vyleesi for the treatment of acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. In research, the substance appears mainly in the context of melanocortin receptor pharmacology and the central nervous regulation of sexual function.

GLP-1/GIP/GCG

LY3437943 · LY-3437943

Retatrutide (development code LY3437943) is a synthetic, fatty-acid-modified polypeptide (CAS 2381089-83-2, C₂₂₁H₃₄₂N₄₆O₆₈, approx. 4,731 g/mol) that acts as a single-molecule agonist of the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. The compound was developed by Eli Lilly and appears in metabolic research on obesity and type 2 diabetes. Published randomized evidence now extends from phase 2 to the phase 3 TRANSCEND-T2D-1 trial in type 2 diabetes. These studies do not establish a particular research product's authorization, identity or therapeutic properties.

Anxiolytic

TKPRPGP · Tuftsin analog · TP-7

Selank is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide related structurally to tuftsin. Its research context includes anxiety-related behavior and neuronal signaling. Small controlled human studies exist alongside laboratory and animal experiments, but they concern particular study preparations and settings. Their findings cannot establish the properties of every product bearing the Selank name.

GLP-1

Semaglutide is a structurally modified GLP-1 analogue that activates the GLP-1 receptor. Its research record includes molecular characterization, controlled clinical trials and assessments of specific medicinal products. Evidence for those preparations does not establish the identity, quality or clinical properties of another material simply called semaglutide.

Cognitive

MEHFPGP · ACTH(4-7)PGP · Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) derived from the ACTH(4-7) fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone and extended at the C-terminus by Pro-Gly-Pro. Research examines cognition, neurotrophin signaling, cerebral ischemia and rehabilitation in cell and animal models and limited comparative human reports. Historical manufacturer documentation for formulated Semax nasal drops must be distinguished from a verified current registration record and from evidence on research material.

GHRH Analog

GHRH(1-29)-amide · GRF(1-29)-NH2

Sermorelin is the amidated 29-amino-acid fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It appears in research on pituitary growth hormone secretion and has a documented history as the active substance in Geref medicines. Historical clinical findings and approvals concern particular materials and indications; they do not establish current approval or therapeutic properties for a research product.

Elamipretide

Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia

SS-31, also known as elamipretide, MTP-131 or Bendavia, is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller peptide family that concentrates at the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds the phospholipid cardiolipin. It appears in research on mitochondrial bioenergetics, primary mitochondrial diseases and aging processes. In September 2025, the FDA granted accelerated approval to the pharmaceutical product FORZINITY (elamipretide hydrochloride) to improve muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg, making elamipretide the first disease-specific treatment approved for Barth syndrome.

GLP-1/Glucagon

BI 456906 · Survodutid

Survodutide, known during development as BI 456906, is a synthetic peptide with activity at both the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It is investigated in obesity and metabolic liver disease. Published randomized phase 3 results became available in 2026, following preclinical and phase 2 work. These results concern defined trial preparations and selected participant populations.

Thymosin Beta-4

Ac-LKKTETQ

In primary analytical literature, TB-500 denotes the synthetic N-acetylated heptapeptide Ac-LKKTETQ, corresponding to amino acids 17 to 23 of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4). Full-length Tβ4 is a distinct, naturally occurring 43-amino-acid actin-binding peptide. The TB-500 fragment is studied in doping-control analysis, while most tissue-repair research cited alongside it concerns full-length Tβ4. Identity and preparation must therefore be checked before assigning mechanisms or clinical findings to the fragment.

GHRH Analog

TH9507 · Egrifta · Egrifta SV

Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), consisting of the full GHRH(1-44) sequence with a trans-3-hexenoyl modification at the N-terminus (44 amino acids). It is studied primarily in the context of the growth hormone axis and the distribution of visceral adipose tissue. In the United States, the substance is approved under the brand name Egrifta for a narrowly defined indication in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Thymic Peptide

Thymosin alpha-1 is an N-terminally acetylated peptide of 28 amino acids that arises naturally by proteolytic cleavage from prothymosin alpha and was originally isolated from thymic tissue. The synthetic form carries the INN thymalfasin and appears in immunomodulation research, including in the context of chronic viral hepatitis, sepsis and as a vaccine adjuvant. Hong Kong's current register lists the named thymalfasin medicine Zadaxin; this product-specific registration is separate from evidence for each investigated indication.

GLP-1/GIP

LY3298176 · Mounjaro · Zepbound

Tirzepatide (LY3298176) is a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide structurally derived from native GIP and carrying a C20 fatty diacid side chain. It acts as a dual agonist at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors and appears in metabolic research, primarily on glucose metabolism and body-weight regulation. Named tirzepatide medicines include Mounjaro and Zepbound; their product-specific authorizations and indications must be distinguished from research material.

Neuropeptide Research

Vasoactive intestinal peptide · Aviptadil

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an endogenous 28-amino-acid neuropeptide that signals through the G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. As a pharmaceutical active substance, synthetic VIP carries the international nonproprietary name aviptadil; in a fixed combination with the alpha-adrenoceptor blocker phentolamine, the product Invicorp was authorized in the United Kingdom in October 2000. Norway's current product register also lists the named aviptadil/phentolamine combination. These registrations do not establish authorization of isolated VIP research material. In research, the substance appears mainly in the pharmacology of the VPAC receptors, with its exceptionally short residence time in plasma shaping every systemic investigation.