Leksikon peptida

Bakreni peptid

Alanine-histidine-lysine copper complex

AHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide L-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (AHK), mostly marketed by peptide suppliers as Copper Tripeptide-3; no CosIng entry of that name exists, and the registered INCI name Tripeptide-3 designates a different peptide (composed of glycine, serine and valine). It belongs to the same substance class as the far more extensively studied GHK-Cu, but is documented much more thinly in the scientific literature: the primary literature indexed on PubMed essentially amounts to a single ex vivo and cell culture study on human hair follicles (Pyo et al., 2007). In research, AHK-Cu therefore appears almost exclusively in the context of hair follicle and scalp research and in cosmetic formulations.

Obnova tkiva

PL 14736 · PL-10 · Bepecin

BPC-157 je sintetski pentadekapeptid od 15 aminokiselina (CAS 137525-51-0, C62H98N16O22, približno 1 420 g/mol), čiji je slijed izveden iz djelomičnog slijeda proteina opisanog u ljudskom želučanom soku (Body Protection Compound). U literaturi se tvar pojavljuje gotovo isključivo u pretkliničkim radovima o popravku tkiva, cijeljenju tetiva i mišića te integritetu gastrointestinalne sluznice. Riječ je o istraživačkoj tvari koja ni u jednoj jurisdikciji nije odobrena kao lijek.

Analog amilina

AM833

Cagrilintide (AM833) is a synthetic, lipidated analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin, developed at Novo Nordisk as a long-acting candidate for research on body-weight regulation. The substance acts as a non-selective agonist at amylin receptors and the calcitonin receptor and has been studied both alone and in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) in clinical trials up to and including phase 3. As of the editorial date, no marketing authorization exists for either the substance alone or the combination.

GHRH analog

CJC-1295 bez DAC-a sintetski je analog biološki aktivnog N-terminalnog fragmenta ljudskog hormona koji oslobađa hormon rasta, GRF(1-29), s četiri supstitucije aminokiselina i duljinom od 29 aminokiselina. Ista se struktura u literaturi pojavljuje i kao modificirani GRF(1-29); oznaka bez DAC-a razlikuje je od varijante s Drug-Affinity-Complexom, koja se preko poveznika kovalentno veže za serumski albumin. Tvar se istražuje u kontekstu signalizacije GHRH receptora i osi hormona rasta.

Dugovječnost

Epitalon · AEDG-Peptid · Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

Epithalon, also written Epitalon or AEDG, is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. It was developed by the research group around V. Kh. Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology as a synthetic counterpart to Epithalamin, a peptide preparation obtained from pineal gland tissue. In the literature it appears in ageing research, primarily on telomere length and telomerase activity in cell culture and on life span and tumour development in rodent models.

Bakreni peptid

Copper tripeptide-1 · Cu-GHK · Prezatide copper acetate

GHK-Cu je bakrov(II) kompleks glicil-L-histidil-L-lizina (GHK), tripeptida prvi put opisanog u ljudskom serumu 1973. godine. U istraživanjima se prvenstveno pojavljuje u studijama regeneracije kože, remodeliranja rana i sinteze izvanstaničnog matriksa, uglavnom u staničnim kulturama i životinjskim modelima.

GHRP

NNC 26-0161

Ipamorelin (NNC 26-0161) is a synthetic pentapeptide of the growth hormone secretagogue class, developed at Novo Nordisk in the 1990s. It acts as an agonist at the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) and was characterized in its original description as the first secretagogue with GHRH-like selectivity for growth hormone release. A later clinical program in postoperative ileus comprised two controlled phase 2 trials; development was not continued after their completion, and the results of the larger trial were never published. Today the substance appears mainly in research on the pharmacology of the growth hormone axis.

Imuno / Barijera

Lys-Pro-Val · α-MSH(11-13)

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is the C-terminal tripeptide of the endogenous hormone α-MSH, corresponding to its amino acid positions 11 to 13. The literature describes it as an anti-inflammatory fragment intended to retain the anti-inflammatory properties of α-MSH without its pigmenting activity. To date, KPV has been studied primarily in cell culture and in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease; no completed human studies exist.

Melanokortin

MT-I · MT-1 · Afamelanotide

Melanotan I is a synthetic linear tridecapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH in which two amino acids are substituted ([Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH). It was developed at the University of Arizona as an investigational pigmentation agent and was later approved under the INN afamelanotide as a subcutaneous implant (brand name Scenesse) for the prevention of phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). In research it appears in the context of pigmentation, photoprotection and the pharmacology of the melanocortin-1 receptor.

Melanocortin

MT-II · MT-2 · MTII

Melanotan II sintetski je ciklički heptapeptid i analog endogenog hormona α-MSH koji djeluje kao neselektivni agonist melanokortinskih receptora. Razvijen je 1990-ih kao ispitivana tvar za pigmentaciju, a poslije je istraživan u ispitivanjima rane faze usmjerenima na erektilnu funkciju prije nego što je razvoj obustavljen. Danas se pojavljuje u istraživanjima farmakologije melanokortinskih receptora, pigmentacije i seksualne funkcije.

Mitohondrijski

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c) peptid je od 16 aminokiselina koji nije kodiran u staničnoj jezgri, nego u alternativnom okviru čitanja mitohondrijskog gena za 12S rRNA, pa pripada skupini peptida mitohondrijskog podrijetla (MDP). Prvi su ga 2015. opisali Lee et al. u časopisu Cell Metabolism. U istraživanjima se MOTS-c pojavljuje u kontekstu energetskog metabolizma, osjetljivosti na inzulin, fiziologije tjelesnog opterećenja i metaboličkih promjena povezanih sa starenjem; nije ga odobrilo nijedno regulatorno tijelo za lijekove.

Dugovječnost / Kofaktor

beta-NAD+ · Coenzyme I · DPN

NAD+ (nikotinamid adenin dinukleotid, CAS 53-84-9) endogeni je dinukleotidni koenzim, a ne peptid. Služi kao središnji redoks-kofaktor energetskog metabolizma te istodobno kao supstrat koji troše signalni enzimi ovisni o NAD+, kao što su sirtuini, PARPs i CD38. U istraživanjima se pojavljuje uglavnom u radovima o metabolizmu starenja, mitohondrijskoj funkciji i neurodegeneraciji, pri čemu se glavnina podataka u ljudi odnosi na prekursorske molekule kao što su nikotinamid ribozid (NR) i nikotinamid mononukleotid (NMN), a ne na sam NAD+.

Bremelanotide

Bremelanotide

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide and an analog of the endogenous hormone α-MSH that acts as an agonist at melanocortin receptors. It emerged from the melanocortin research program around Melanotan II and is the only peptide from this program to have been approved as an injectable; Melanotan I (afamelanotide) reached approval as an implant. On June 21, 2019, the FDA granted marketing authorization (NDA 210557) under the brand name Vyleesi for the treatment of acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. In research, the substance appears mainly in the context of melanocortin receptor pharmacology and the central nervous regulation of sexual function.

GLP-1/GIP/GCG

LY3437943 · LY-3437943

Retatrutid (razvojna oznaka LY3437943) sintetski je polipeptid modificiran masnom kiselinom (CAS 2381089-83-2, C₂₂₁H₃₄₂N₄₆O₆₈, približno 4 731 g/mol) koji djeluje kao agonist GIP-, GLP-1- i glukagonskih receptora u jednoj molekuli. Spoj je razvila tvrtka Eli Lilly i pojavljuje se u metaboličkim istraživanjima pretilosti i šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Objavljena su ispitivanja faze 2, a ispitivanja faze 3 su u tijeku; tvar nije odobreni lijek.

Kognitivno

MEHFPGP · ACTH(4-7)PGP · Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro

Semax je sintetski heptapeptid (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) izveden iz fragmenta ACTH(4-7) adrenokortikotropnog hormona i na C-terminusu produljen tripeptidom Pro-Gly-Pro. Pojavljuje se u istraživanjima kognicije, neuroprotekcije i oporavka nakon cerebralne ishemije, pretežno u modelima na glodavcima i u kliničkim radovima objavljenima u Rusiji. Semax je u Rusiji registriran kao lijek, ali nije odobren ni od EMA-e ni od FDA-e; izvan tog regionalnog konteksta njime se postupa kao s istraživačkom tvari.

Elamipretide

Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia

SS-31, also known as elamipretide, MTP-131 or Bendavia, is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller peptide family that concentrates at the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds the phospholipid cardiolipin. It appears in research on mitochondrial bioenergetics, primary mitochondrial diseases and aging processes. In September 2025, the FDA granted accelerated approval to the pharmaceutical product FORZINITY (elamipretide hydrochloride) to improve muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg, making elamipretide the first disease-specific treatment approved for Barth syndrome.

Thymosin Beta-4

Thymosin Beta-4 fragment · TB4 · Tβ4

TB-500 je sintetski peptid temeljen na timosinu beta-4 (Tβ4), prirodno prisutnom peptidu koji veže aktin i sastoji se od 43 aminokiseline; u analitičkoj literaturi naziv označava i sintetski fragment koji obuhvaća regiju Tβ4 koja veže aktin. Pojavljuje se u istraživanjima regeneracije tkiva, cijeljenja rana i srčanog popravka, gotovo isključivo u staničnim kulturama i životinjskim modelima. TB-500 je kemijska tvar za istraživačke svrhe koju nije odobrilo nijedno regulatorno tijelo za lijekove.

GHRH analog

TH9507 · Egrifta · Egrifta SV

Tesamorelin je sintetski analog humanog hormona koji oslobađa hormon rasta (GHRH), a sastoji se od cjelovite sekvence GHRH(1-44) s trans-3-heksenoičnom modifikacijom na N-terminusu (44 aminokiseline). Istražuje se ponajprije u kontekstu osi hormona rasta i raspodjele visceralnog masnog tkiva. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama tvar je pod zaštićenim imenom Egrifta odobrena za usko definiranu indikaciju kod lipodistrofije povezane s HIV-om.

Timički peptid

Timosin alfa-1 je N-terminalno acetilirani peptid od 28 aminokiselina koji prirodno nastaje proteolitičkim cijepanjem protimosina alfa i izvorno je izoliran iz tkiva timusa. Sintetski oblik nosi INN thymalfasin i pojavljuje se u istraživanjima imunomodulacije, među ostalim u kontekstu kroničnog virusnog hepatitisa, sepse i kao adjuvans cjepiva.

GLP-1/GIP

LY3298176 · Mounjaro · Zepbound

Tirzepatid (LY3298176) sintetski je peptid od 39 aminokiselina, strukturno izveden iz nativnog GIP-a, s bočnim lancem C20 masne dikiseline. Djeluje kao dualni agonist na receptorima GIP-a i GLP-1 te je predmet metaboličkih istraživanja, ponajprije u području metabolizma glukoze i regulacije tjelesne mase. Djelatna tvar odobrena je kao lijek pod trgovačkim nazivima Mounjaro i Zepbound.

Istraživanje neuropeptida

Vasoactive intestinal peptide · Aviptadil

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an endogenous 28-amino-acid neuropeptide that signals through the G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. As a pharmaceutical active substance, synthetic VIP carries the international nonproprietary name aviptadil; in a fixed combination with the alpha-adrenoceptor blocker phentolamine, the product Invicorp was authorized in the United Kingdom in October 2000. VIP as a single substance, by contrast, holds no marketing authorization. In research, the substance appears mainly in the pharmacology of the VPAC receptors, with its exceptionally short residence time in plasma shaping every systemic investigation.